A revista Colloquium Agrariae é uma publicação com periodicidade editada e de forma contínua em volume único anual, versão eletrônica completa (online ISSN: 1809-8215) com livre acesso, disponível na página da UNOESTE (http://revistas.unoeste.br/revistas/ojs/index.php/ca/index), onde são realizadas também as submissões de artigos. Submissões de pesquisa básica e aplicada são bem-vindas, desde que sejam baseadas em uma hipótese mecanicista claramente definida. Não há custos para os autores para os processos de avaliação e publicação. O título Colloquium Agrariae, ou a abreviação Colloq Agrariae, devem ser utilizados em bibliografias, notas de rodapé, referências e legendas bibliográficas. A Colloquium Agrariae zela pelos preceitos de integridade científica e ética nas publicações. RECOMENDAMOS QUE TODOS AUTORES CONSULTEM AS DIRETRIZES E NORMAS DO PERIÓDICO. OS MANUSCRITO QUE NÃO ESTIVEREM PREPARADOS RIGOROSAMENTE, NÃO SERÃO ACEITOS.
Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE
ALTERNATIVES OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE GRAIN YIELD FROM WHEAT CROPS BIOLOGICAL STRATEGIES INCREASE WHEAT PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alternativas de manejo químico e biológico para aumentar a produtividade de grãos da cultura do trigo, a partir da avaliação dos componentes de produtividade da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em 2022, em condições de campo, na Escola Fazenda da UNIJUÍ (Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul), localizada no município de Augusto Pestana, Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 8 x 9, com oito cultivares de trigo (TBIO Audaz, TBIO Ponteiro, TBIO Trunfo, TBIO Toruk, TBIO Astro, ORS Madrepérola, ORS Agile e BRS Belajoia) e nove protocolos de manejo, dispostos em duas repetições. Na maturidade fisiológica completa, foram mensurados os seguintes caracteres agronômicos: número de grãos na espiga; peso de grãos da espiga; peso de mil grãos; e produtividade de grãos. Foi realizada análise de variância para detectar os efeitos da cultivar, dos protocolos de manejo e de sua interação sobre as variáveis ​​analisadas. O teste de Duncan foi utilizado para comparar médias de tratamentos, a 5% de probabilidade. A utilização do BOMBARDEIRO como reforço ao fungicida químico promoveu aumento na massa de mil grãos. Os maiores valores de produtividade de grãos foram obtidos com os protocolos BIOASIS+BIOEQUILÍBRIO+BIOFREE, BIOTRIO e ORKESTRA SC, para os genótipos TBIO Toruk, TBIO Ponteiro e TBIO Trunfo.
Triticum aestivum; Microrganismos; Agricultura Sustentável.
Copyright (c) 2025 Colloquium Agrariae. ISSN: 1809-8215 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON THE DEFOLIATION PROCESS IN RYEGRASS (LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM L.)
A cada ano que passa, cresce os estudos a respeito do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.), devido a sua grande importância e contribuição no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em áreas de clima temperado. Diante do exposto, está revisão de literatura tem como objetivo descrever, ressaltar e avaliar a produção de forragem e sementes, capacidade de rebrote e uniformização de perfilhos em azevém anual, a importância das desfolha e da adubação nitrogenada. Podemos concluir com essa revisão que o azevém é uma forragem que apresenta uma série de dificuldades para a sua produção, porém é uma ótima alternativa de pastagem durante os meses de frio no sul do País, por conta da sua adaptabilidade a temperatura que faz durante o inverno, de sua tolerância com mais intensidade o pisoteio dos animais em relação a outras espécies forrageiras.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL OF SEEDS FOR MAJOR CROPS, FORAGE AND VEGETABLES IN BRAZIL
O controle de qualidade tanto externo quanto interno em sementes no Brasil, visa garantir que as sementes atendam a padrões estabelecidos de forma confiável. Para isso é avaliada a qualidade fisiológica, sanitária, genética e física para proporcionar um controle em todo processo de produção e tecnologias empregadas nas sementes. O controle de qualidade externo é realizado pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Desenvolvimento que estabelece padrões mínimos de comercialização dos lotes de sementes. Já no controle interno, a empresa faz o controle, ou seja, ela própria durante todo o processo de produção no seu laboratório faz as análises de qualidade das sementes produzidas baseadas nas Regras de Análise de Sementes, que deverão ser atendidos para comercializar os lotes de sementes. Diante do que foi exposto, essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo descrever e ressaltar a relevância do controle de qualidade interno e externo de sementes no Brasil de grandes culturas, forrageiras e hortaliças.
Produção de sementes; Manejo; Comércio; Qualidade de sementes.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE MAIZE HYBRID PLANT POPULATION IN A HETEROGENEOUS AGRICULTURAL FIELD
O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o impacto da escolha do híbrido de milho e do ajuste da população de plantas em diferentes zonas de produtividade de uma área agrícola. O experimento foi realizado na safra 2015/2016, no município de Boa Vista das Missões-RS, em uma área de 114,91 hectares, sendo 38,2% de baixa produtividade e 61,8% de alta produtividade. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (2x5), com dois tipos de zona de produtividade, cinco densidades de semeadura (60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 mil plantas por hectare) e quatro repetições. Os híbridos utilizados foram Agroeste 1677 VT PRO3® (AS1677), BioGene 7318 YH (BG7318) e Pioneer 1630H (P1630). Foram avaliadas variáveis como o número de fileiras de grãos, número de grãos por fileira, número de grãos por espiga, diâmetro da espiga e peso de mil grãos. A produtividade de grãos foi determinada por meio de colheita manual das linhas centrais da área. Análises de variância foram realizadas para verificar os efeitos da zona de produtividade e da população de plantas nas características agronômicas, com significância avaliada pelo teste F. A análise de modelos de regressão foi utilizada para calcular o retorno econômico líquido (REL) e a máxima eficiência técnica (MET). A população ideal de plantas variou conforme a zona de produtividade, com o híbrido AS1677 apresentando a melhor resposta à população elevada em ambas as zonas, enquanto o híbrido P1630 teve o pior desempenho. O estudo sugere que o uso de taxas de semeadura variáveis pode aumentar a produtividade em áreas de alta produtividade e otimizar o uso de recursos em zonas de baixa produtividade, necessitando de mais pesquisas para validar a técnica.
maize hybrids; agricultural productivity; net economic return; Zea mays L.
ADDITION OF PROTOX-INHIBITING HERBICIDES TO GLYPHOSATE IN THE DESICCATION OF Urochloa brizantha BRS “Piatã”
Plants of the genus Urochloa are adopted as cover crops, and desiccation is essential for implementing subsequent crops. Here, we evaluated the desiccation of Urochloa brizantha BRS “Piatã” using glyphosate associated with different protoporphyrin oxidase inhibitors (PROTOX). The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2x5), consisting of two glyphosate doses of 900 and 1800 g a.e. ha-1 (D1 and D2), associated or not with carfentrazone-ethyl (20 g a.i. ha-1), flumioxazin (20 g a.i. ha-1), saflufenacil (35 g a.i. ha-1), and tiafenacil (70 g a.i. ha-1), in addition to the control treatment (without herbicides). The study was conducted in Alvorada do Sul (ALV) and Londrina (LDN), both in Paraná state. Seven days after application (DAA), the chlorophyll index was measured. The percentage of tissue injury was assessed by the visual scale (0-100) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAA. At the end of the experiment, the fresh and dry shoot mass and the percentage of water (%H2O) in the tissue were measured. For the experiment in ALV, glyphosate D2 + flumioxazin reached 68.7% of injury. The %H2O was reduced in all treatments in relation to the control, with D2 providing the greatest reduction. On the other hand, in LDN, no difference was observed between treatments with or without PROTOX. The %H2O confirmed the result obtained by the visual scale, in which glyphosate at D2 resulted in an average of 90.5% control at 28 DAA, 9.5% more than D1. In both experiments, the mixture of glyphosate and flumioxazin deserves to be highlighted as it accelerated the kinetics of plant mortality. D2 was more effective in controlling the plants (on average, 8.5% greater than D1).
The Importance of the Irradiation Seal on Meat Products
Carne bovina, suina, frangos e pescados são as principais proteinas consumidas mundialmente e as principais causas de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs), devido das seus substratos propensos ao desenvolvimentos de colonias patogênicas e seus fatores intrínsecos e extrísecos. a ação de micro-organismos, como bactérias, fungos e parasitas, causam a contaminação dos alimentos, gerando maléficios à saúde do consumidor e prejuízo ao mercado agropecuário. A irradiação é uma alternativa eficaz de conservação de alimentos, através da utilização de radiação ionizante, como Raio X, radiação Beta, Gama ou ultravioleta, Esse processo conserva o produto viavél por mais tempo em prateleiras, e pode ser utilizados em alimentos frescos, resfriados e congelados, sem perda da caracteristicas próprias do alimento. A presente pesquisa teve como avaliar o conhecimento do consumidor quanto ao método de preservaçãp através dessa técnica, Irradiação, em especificamente em produtos de origem animal, o conhecimento do selo de irradiação (Radura) e a possibilidade de compra desses produtos. Dentre os resultados, junto aos 99 participantes, 52% e 58% não sabem o que é irradiação e que tipos de radiação são utilizados, respectivamente, 60,6% estariam dispostos a adquirir produtos como selo de irradiação, apesar de 71% desconhecer, o radura.
micro-organismos, irradiação de alimentos, conservação
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production faces challenges caused by abiotic and biotic factors, with diseases transmitted by contaminated seeds being a risk for pathogen-free areas. This study assessed the presence of pathogens in five wheat cultivars: Tbio Sinuelo, Tbio Toruk, ORS Madreperola, Tbio Ponteiro and LG Cromo. The “blotter test” method was used to assess the influence of these pathogens using the Hiltner test. The following variables were analyzed in seeds disinfected and not disinfected with 1% hypochlorite: germination (%), seed-to-seedling transmission, mean root length (MRL), mean shoot length (SPL), root fresh mass (RRM), root dry mass (RSM), shoot fresh mass (SPF) and shoot dry mass (SPD). The experiment, conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory of the Federal University of the Southern Frontier, followed a completely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme. The sanitary analysis revealed the presence of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Alternaria. Although germination and seed-to-seedling transmission showed no significant difference between disinfected and non-disinfected seeds, there were statistical differences in the ARL, SPL, FRM, DRM, FRM and DSM components, with disinfected seeds showing higher averages.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production faces challenges caused by abiotic and biotic factors, with diseases transmitted by contaminated seeds being a risk for pathogen-free areas. This study assessed the presence of pathogens in five wheat cultivars: Tbio Sinuelo, Tbio Toruk, ORS Madreperola, Tbio Ponteiro and LG Cromo. The “blotter test” method was used to assess the influence of these pathogens using the Hiltner test. The following variables were analyzed in seeds disinfected and not disinfected with 1% hypochlorite: germination (%), seed-to-seedling transmission, average root length (ARL), average shoot length (SPL), fresh root mass (FRM), dry root mass (DRM), fresh shoot mass (FRM) and dry shoot mass (DSM). The experiment, conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory of the Federal University of the Southern Frontier, followed a completely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme. The sanitary analysis revealed the presence of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Alternaria. Although germination and seed-to-seedling transmission showed no significant difference between disinfected and non-disinfected seeds, there were statistical differences in the ARL, SPL, FRM, DRM, FRM and DSM components, with disinfected seeds showing higher averages.
INFLUENCE OF BRANCH MATURITY ON THE VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF ORA-PRO-NÓBIS
Ora-pro-nóbis is a non-conventional edible plant recognized for its high protein content, making it relevant in the context of food security and the fight against hunger. The propagation of this plant is mainly carried out through stem cuttings. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate vegetative propagation based on the size and physiological maturity of the branches. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Santo Cristo-RS, using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications, totaling 24 experimental units, each containing 3 cuttings. The treatments consisted of (T1) basal cut of 5 cm, (T2) central cut of 5 cm, (T3) apical cut of 5 cm, (T4) basal cut of 10 cm, (T5) central cut of 10 cm, and (T6) apical cut of 10 cm. The variables evaluated included rooting percentage, number of roots, length of the longest root, root volume, weighted root diameter, root area, fresh root mass, and dry root mass, as well as sprouting percentage, number of sprouts, number of leaves per sprout, fresh mass, and dry mass of the sprouts with leaves. The evaluation occurred 60 days after planting. The results showed differences among the treatments for all analyzed variables. The treatments with basal and central cuttings of 10 cm stood out compared to the treatments with 5 cm cuttings. Treatment 4 was identified as the best option for implementing a production system for this plant, as it presented the best results in characteristics such as the number of leaves, fresh and dry sprout mass, as well as the number of roots and dry root mass.
Pereskia aculeata; mini-staking; physiological age, branch size, type of cuttings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Colloquium Agrariae. ISSN: 1809-8215 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MANAGEMENT OF COPPER-CONTAMINATED SOILS: FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION WITH Cyperus rotundus L.
Cobre está entre oito micronutrientes essenciais para o crescimento vegetal. Assim como os demais metais, em função da atividade humana no Antropoceno, comporta-se como um poluente importante na biosfera. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar o potencial da espécie vegetal Cyperus rotundus L. (tiririca) no tratamento de solos contaminados por cobre a observar: a redução da quantidade de cobre no solo após experimento, diferença da massa fresca e seca e parâmetros químicos como condutividade elétrica (CE) e potencial hidrogeniônico do solo (pH). De acordo com os parâmetros analisados, a tiririca demonstrou uma eficiência significativamente maior na fitoextração quando os níveis de cobre no solo estavam em doses mais elevadas. Essa resposta adaptativa indica que a planta possui uma alta capacidade de acumulação de cobre em condições de elevada contaminação, o que viabiliza sua utilização como uma estratégia eficaz para a descontaminação de solos saturados com esse metal. Portanto, a tiririca se revela uma candidata promissora para ser utilizada na técnica de fitorremediação, particularmente em áreas onde a contaminação por cobre atinge níveis críticos.
Fabiola de Sampaio Rodrigues Grazinoli Garrido
Production of the embryo for ICSI in mare after a grade III perineal injury: A case report
This reports the case of an imported Quarter Horse mare of high genetic merit who suffered a grade III perineal laceration during her first dystocic delivery. Five surgeries were performed over a three-year period to restore anatomy and reproductive function. A protocol of follicular aspiration followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was then performed, resulting in five embryos that were cryopreserved by vitrification. Two embryos were transferred, one of which resulted in pregnancy and the birth of a healthy foal. The mare then underwent a conventional embryo collection program in which a viable embryo was collected and transferred. The pregnancy was confirmed and the birth was expected in July 2023. It can therefore be concluded that this mare's reproductive capacity was restored through the use of ICSI and embryo transfer (ET) biotechnologies.
distocia; transferência de embrião; reconstrução perineal
dystocia; embryo transfer; perineal reconstruction
EFFECT OF PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES ON SOYBEAN CROPS GROWN IN ROTATION WITH SUGARCANE
A necessidade de reforma do canavial tem impulsionado a expansão do cultivo de soja em rotação com a cana-de-açúcar. Plantas daninhas são uma das principais razões para essa reforma, exigindo manejo específico na rotação. O uso de herbicidas em pré-emergência da soja é uma opção viável, porém sua eficácia em solos arenosos requer mais estudos. Neste experimento, avaliamos o desempenho de herbicidas pré-emergentes sobre palhada de cana, focando no controle de Digitaria horizontalis. Foi conduzido experimento em condições de campo com 11 tratamentos e quatro repetições, aplicando herbicidas imediatamente após a semeadura da soja. Exceto o herbicida, diclosulam, todos os outros proporcionaram controle eficiente da D. horizontalis, com mais de 80% de controle em todas as épocas avaliadas. A associação clomazone+sulfentrazona apresentou o maior efeito residual, mantendo a área limpa por até 21 dias após a aplicação. O controle sem capina resultou em produtividade equivalente a 66% da máxima obtida. O uso de herbicidas inibidores da divisão celular permitiu que a cultura da soja crescesse sem competição de plantas daninhas. O uso de herbicidas em pré-emergência da soja sob palhada de cana resultou em ganhos de produtividade devido ao controle eficaz de D. horizontalis.
reforma de canavial; Glycine max L., Digitaria horizontalis, manejo integrado de plantas daninhas
GENETIC STABILITY BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND STEM ANATOMY CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRIC PLANTS IN THE GRAFTING PROCESS
The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the DNA content as well as in the stem anatomy of grafted citrus cultivars. In the first experiment, the DNA content of plants formed by oranges (Navelina, Lane Late, and Navelate) and mandarins (Clemenules, Ortanique, and Okitsu) grafted in rootstocks of citrandarins (Indio and San Diego), mandarin (Tropical Sunki), rangpur lime (Santa Cruz) and citrumelo (Swingle) were evaluated. Leaves and roots of each cultivar in all possible scion-rootstock combinations were used, totaling 30 treatments. DNA contents were assessed by flow cytometry. Significant statistical differences were found in the DNA contents of scion leaves, which varied according to the rootstock used. In the second experiment, cross and longitudinal sections of stem were performed in the grafting region. Cultivars Navelina and Clemenules were evaluated in a factorial arrangement with four rootstocks, in a completely randomized design. Height of rays and vessel diameter were measured. Larger diameters of xylem vessels in the scions were observed for Clemenules in almost all rootstocks tested. For height of rays, the results were quite variable in all combinations scion/rootstock studied, with formation and proliferation of disorganized cells in the connection of vascular elements between scion and rootstock.
Physicochemical characterization of dwarf ambarella (Spondias Dulcis) fruits
Caja-mango (Spondias Dulcis) is a tropical fruit tree from the Anacardiaceae family. Recently, resulting from the natural mutation of the caja-mango, the dwarf caja-mango was created. However, the fruits of the dwarf plant have been studied to a limited extent. The objective of this study was to characterize the fruits and pulp of dwarf ambarella and collect data. The weight, diameter, and length analyses of the entire fruit were carried out. Then, the fruits were subjected to manual processing to produce the pulp and subsequent characterization regarding soluble solids (SS), moisture, titratable acidity in citric acid, vitamin C, and color. Dwarf ambarella weighed between 53.78 and 79.52 g, had a diameter between 40.31 and 45.35 mm, and a length between 53.31 and 60.72 mm. The pulp had a soluble solid content ranging from 10.3 to 13.8°Brix, moisture between 84.13 and 86.78%, pH between 3.14 and 3.31, and acidity expressed as citric acid ranged from 0.80 to 1.03% m/m. The maximum vitamin C content equals 1.70 mg.100g-1. The color characteristics are *L between 51.53 and 46.72, a* ranging from 7.68 to 7.04, and b* from 32.80 to 28.78. Dwarf ambarella has similar physical-chemical characteristics to the fruits of traditional caja trees.
caja tree; fruit tree; fruit production.
INFLUENCE OF THE USE OF GRAPHITE ON THE QUALITY OF SWEET CORN SOWING
O processo de propagação do milho doce (Zea mays L. grupo saccharata) é realizado por meio de semeadura, onde existem diversos parâmetros a serem avaliados durante a operação, para que haja uma boa qualidade. Dentre esses, destacando-se: a velocidade de semeadura, dosagem de grafite, uniformidade de plantas (estande), espaçamento de plantas e profundidade de semente. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa analisar três diferentes velocidades de operação e a influência na dose de grafite, para uma avaliação dos efeitos sobre a plantabilidade em milho doce. O estudo foi realizado no Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Morrinhos, localizado no município de Morrinhos/GO. Para a realização da semeadura foram utilizados um trator John Deere 4x2 TDA, com potência nominal de 78 kW (106 cv) e uma semeadora, marca Netz, modelo PDN 6000, a área foi parte de um pivô central de 18 hectares. Foram avaliadas três velocidades de operação e três quantidades de grafite utilizadas em semeadoras mecânicas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) pelo teste “F” a 5% de probabilidade e, posteriormente, as médias das variáveis nos diferentes tratamentos, a analisada através do teste de Tukey 5%. O software utilizado foi o Assistat versão 7.7. Concluindo- se a maior uniformidade de semeio é com velocidade de 5,0 km h-1, dose de grafite de 12 g kg-1 proporcionou maior uniformidade de semeio. Maiores velocidades de operação e menores doses de grafite proporcionaram maior número de germinação de falhas ou dupla.
PERFORMANCE OF COMMON BEAN CULTIVARS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS AND PLANT POPULATIONS
This study aimed to identify the most suitable plant populations, considering different environmental conditions, to express the yield potential of common bean cultivars released or in the process of releasing for regions not included in the initial release. Forty-four experiments were carried out from November 2016 to March 2019, encompassing wet, dry, and winter seasons, across the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná. Five plant populations established at sowing (12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 plants m⁻²) were compared in a randomized block design with four replications, using the cultivars BRS FC310, BRS FC409, and BRSMG Uai. Across winter season experiments, the BRS FC310 cultivar consistently displayed higher yield than the others at all plant populations. In contrast, the BRSMG Uai cultivar exhibited the highest yield during the wet season. The maximum grain yields of the three cultivars were higher in the wet than in the winter season and obtained with higher plant populations. Cultivars BRS FC310, BRS FC409, and BRSMG Uai maximized grain yield with, respectively, 28.4, 25.4, and 26.2 plants m⁻² at harvest time in the wet season, and 20.4, 14.0, and 15.2 plants m⁻² in the winter season.
CORN CULTURE: FROM THE FIRST RECORDS TO HARVESTING AND STORAGE
A cultura do milho tem grande importância econômica, pois o milho é utilizado de diversas formas, vai desde a alimentação animal até a indústria de alta tecnologia. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura e relatar desde o surgimento do milho, sua morfologia, colheita chegando até o armazenamento desta cultura. Esse estudo ocorreu no ano de 2023 e utilizou diferentes trabalhos como base para desenvolver esta revisão, onde se pode concluir que a cultura do milho em ambos os estados e países vem crescendo e a sua demanda de produção também, principalmente de produtos à base de milho, o que faz com que se procure maior conhecimento sobre essa cultura, já que as informações são muito escassas.
Zea Mays L. Produção. Manejo. Beneficiamento.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS
Nos últimos anos a cultura o girassol vem se destacando em nível mundial como a quinta oleaginosa em produção de matéria prima, para isso se faz necessário conhecer mais sobre essa cultura. Esta revisão literária tem como objetivo descrever a importância da cultura do girassol, seus aspectos morfológica e fenológica, qualidade das sementes, tratamento e semeadura. Esse estudo ocorreu no ano de 2023 e utilizou diferentes trabalhos como base para desenvolver esta revisão, onde se pode concluir que a cultura do girassol em ambos os estados vem crescendo e a sua demanda de produção também, principalmente de produtos à base de girassol, o que faz com que se procure maior conhecimento sobre essa cultura, já que as informações são muito escassas.
Sementes; Oleaginosa; Produção; Aspectos.
MACHINE LEARNING INTEGRATION, REMOTE SENSING DATA PREPROCESSING TECHNIQUES TO MAP PESTS COTTON CROPS
Cotton has a considerable economic impact on agribusiness. Strategies to reduce production loss due, for example, to pest attacks are increasingly required. Spodoptera frugiperda, known as fall armyworm, causes irreversible damage to cotton. In this context, a current approach is the use of hyperspectral measurements obtained by remote sensors and processed by machine learning algorithms. However, such measures generate data redundancy, making it difficult to extract information. An alternative is to apply pre-processing techniques, but little is known about the impact these generate on the learning ability of algorithms. This work evaluates the performance of machine learning algorithms in identifying cotton plants attacked by pests using pre-processed and raw hyperspectral measurements. Data are collected by EMBRAPA, and consist of hyperspectral measurements, in the range of 350-2500 nm, referring to eight days of collections in healthy cotton plants and attacked by Spodoptera frugiperda. Pre-processing techniques to try are baseline removal, smoothing, first and second order derivatives. A group of machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Extra Tree, was used to model pre-processed and non-pre-processed hyperspectral measurements. According to the proposed metric, the F-Score and the Extra Trees (ExT) algorithm performed better (0.77). So it overlapped the other results with the preprocessed dataset. In addition to obtaining the most important lengths for the algorithm to have its best performance. Concluding that machine learning with spectroscopy can help the field in a promising way. Studies in other crops and with other factors applied to the plant are recommended.
PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF Physalis peruviana FRUIT APPLYING DIF
The present study aimed to investigate and determine the most relevant fertilization levels of Simple Superphosphate to increase fruit production and improve fruit quality for fresh consumption. The experiment was conducted at the EPAMIG Experimental Field in Lambarí, Minas Gerais, from September 2021 to November 2022. Five fertilization levels were tested: 150 grams/plot, 300 grams/plot, 600 grams/plot, and 1200 grams/plot, along with a control group (no fertilization). A significant increase in fruit production was observed at the higher dose (1200 grams/plot) compared to the control, representing a 54.06% increase in fruit production. Additionally, the total fresh biomass production increased by 19.43%, the number of primary and secondary branches per plant increased by 48.99%, the branch length increased by 4.26%, and the canopy diameter increased by 6.83% when compared to the control. All these characteristics were significantly different at the 95% confidence level according to the Scott-Knott test. We concluded that 300 grams/plot was the best fertilization dose to achieve higher production and acceptable quality.
Atopic dermatitis in dogs is a chronic skin condition caused by allergies to environmental allergens such as pollen and dust mites. Symptoms include itching, inflammation and skin lesions. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and exclusion of other diseases. Treatment includes environmental control measures, drug baths, immunomodulatory therapy and use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention is done through appropriate environmental and food management. In this article, a case of atopic dermatitis will be reported in a male Shitzu dog treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of West São Paulo (UNOESTE), highlighting the importance of complementary exams and that dermatitis can be caused by certain natural foods. Also emphasizing the importance of effective therapy and proper assessment of clinical signs, enabling effective treatment significantly improving the quality of life of the animal, without, however, preventing the use of natural food
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RENAL OCCURRENCES IN THE HOSPITAL UNOESTE VETERINARY BETWEEN 2018 AND 2019 - PRESIDENTE PRUDENT/SP
With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals, some diseases have become common in the veterinary routine, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) being one of these frequent pathologies. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by irreversible structural damage, which progresses progressively to uremia and renal failure. To establish clinical manifestations, IRIS (International Renal Interest Society) developed a guide for classifying the disease into 4 stages based on serum creatinine levels, proteinuria, clinical manifestations of disease progression. The present work aimed to make a retrospective study of the occurrence of chronic renal failure in the veterinary hospital of the Universidade do Oeste Paulista, campus of Presidente Prudente SP. Thus, a survey was carried out of the general registration data of patients seen in the years 2018 and 2019. Information on age, gender, anamnesis, blood count, serum biochemical tests and ultrasound examinations were obtained from the medical records. The patients were classified according to the stage of the disease, of the 217 files analyzed, 85 were in stage I, 18 in stage II, 46 in stage III and 47 in stage IV, a higher prevalence of cases was observed in animals over 9 years old deity. In addition, it was possible, through the evaluation of the records, to verify the importance of implementing a care and follow-up form for patients with suspected/diagnosed chronic kidney disease and thus be able to qualitatively evaluate routine cases.
Caracterização genômica dos genes galactinol sintase (GolS) em Ipomea trifida: uma abordagem usando bioinformática
A galactinol sintase (GolS - EC 2.4.1.123) é classificada como uma enzima chave que catalisa a primeira etapa na via de síntese da família da rafinose (RFOs). Embora os genes GolS tenham sido caracterizados em diversas espécies importantes, a sua caracterização na batata-doce ainda não foi explorada. Ipomoea trifida (Kunth) G. Don (2n = 2x = 30) é atualmente descrita como um dos ancestrais mais próximos da batata-doce e considerada uma excelente espécie de cruzamento, permitindo a introgressão de genes importantes como o GolS. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar in silico os genes GolS em I. trifida e compará-los com I. triloba. Identificamos nove genes GolS, cinco em I. triloba e quatro em I. trifida. Nosso estudo abrangeu vários aspectos, incluindo análise da estrutura genética, identificação de motivos, distribuição cromossômica, análise de sintenia e expressão genica. A presença de duplicações gênicas e seleção purificadora foram destacadas, sugerindo o significado evolutivo dos genes GolS nessas espécies. A análise filogenética categorizou as proteínas GolS em três grupos, refletindo potencialmente papéis funcionais distintos. Além disso, a análise de sintenia revelou relações ortólogas entre os genes GolS nas espécies estudadas e plantas relacionadas, contribuindo para a nossa compreensão da sua história evolutiva. A análise de expressão in silico revelou padrões de expressão específicos em diferentes tecidos, sugerindo papéis especializados para genes GolS em diferentes órgãos vegetais. Estas descobertas contribuem para o campo mais amplo da genética das plantas, do metabolismo de carboidrato e da agricultura, oferecendo oportunidades para o melhoramento das culturas e a produção sustentável de alimentos.
Market and production of agroecological seeds
In the last decades, agriculture has been changing mainly in terms of organic production, consumption and market. This increase is due to people's interest in pesticide-free products that meet all environmental, cultural and social issues, presenting themselves as a highly competitive and profitable niche market. For this reason, this bibliographic review aims to describe the market scenario and the production of agroecological seeds, in addition to characterizing the production of organic seeds and evaluating the potential of this market niche that is increasingly the target of investment and food demand.
Copyright (c) 2023 Colloquium Agrariae. ISSN: 1809-8215 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In Vitro Morphogenesis of Gypsophila: Response to Exogenous Phytohormones
The success of in vitro cultivation of plant species depends on factors associated with the induction and control of morphogenesis regarding the regeneration of shoots and roots in the organogenesis process, such as the culture medium composition. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate whether the concentration of growth regulators in culture medium interferes with the in vitro morphogenesis of gypsophila. ‘Golan’ cultivar was subjected to three culture media (M), which constituted the study treatments: M1) Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without addition of growth regulators; M2) MS + 1 mg L-1 of benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.05 mg L-1 of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); M3) MS + 0.05 mg L-1 BAP + 1 mg L-1 NAA. After 45 days, the multiplication rate, plant height and root length were evaluated. The results showed that plantlets produced in M2 medium had a higher multiplication rate. Also, plantlets produced in M1 and M3 media showed higher shoot height and root length. It is concluded that there is a difference in the in vitro morphogenesis of gypsophila according to the concentration of growth regulators in the micropropagation medium.
Challenges for Storing Recalcitrant Seeds
The perception that seeds had differences in their water content when disconnected from the mother plant, and consequently, variations in the period of maintenance of viability goes back to the beginning of agriculture, when people around the world started having to produce food as a result of population growth, ceasing to be exclusively extractive. Recalcitrant seeds do not tolerate desiccation and temperatures close to zero degrees, due to the lack of antioxidative mechanisms and maintenance of cellular compartments. Thus, this work aims to review the main concepts and techniques of drying and storage, usually used in so-called recalcitrant seeds.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL IN MECHANIZED CORN SEEDING
Several factors alter the quality of the mechanized sowing process of corn, and the use of the statistical process control (SPC) technique not only allows the identification of process limitation points but also ensures the correct functioning and conduction of the mechanized process, determining critical factors. that may decrease their performance. In view of the above, the present study aims to qualitatively evaluate, through this technique, the longitudinal distribution of corn seeds as a function of different stands and operational speeds during the sowing process. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (CBD) with three replications and in a split-plot design. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, analyzed using Tukey's test, with 5% significance. To carry out the statistical process control, mean and amplitude control charts were used to evaluate the effect of operational speed, seed distribution, deposition depth and plant germination. The results indicate that the use of statistical process control is an efficient tool to identify the behavior of the corn sowing process. Based on the results, speeds close to 4.5 km h-1 allowed an efficient sowing process, as it presented a higher percentage of normal spaces in the distribution of maize seeds.
BIOAGENTS AND MIX OF COVER PLANTS AFFECTING SOYBEAN
The search for cultivation practices that provide productive, social and environmental benefits to the agroecosystem is of great importance for the sustainable intensification of agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of multifunctional microorganisms (MM) and mix of cover crops on gas exchange, production components and soybean grain yield. In the field experiment, conducted by two agricultural harvests, the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 8x2 was used, with four replications. The treatments were composed by the combination of eight vegetable toppings and the use or not of MM. The vegetable toppings were composed of: 1. Fallow; 2. Corn; 3. Mix 1 [White Lupine, Buckwheat, White Oats, Black Oats, C. ochroleuca, C. Juncea, Turnip, Forage Grass, White Lupine] 4. Mix 2 (Buckwheat, B, C. Black Oat) [Millet, C. ochroleuca, black oats, white oats, buckwheat, coracana grass]; 6. Mix 4 (C. spectabilis, buckwheat, millet and C. breviflora); 7. Mix 5 [Oats, Buckwheat, Millet, Piatã and C. Ocholeuca); and 8. Mix 6. (Black Oats, Turnip Forage, White Lupine, Coracan Grass, Buckwheat). The MM consortium used was Serratia marcenses (BRM 32114) + Bacillus sp. (BRM 63573). Soybean plants co-inoculated with (BRM 32114) + (BRM 63573) showed an increase in photosynthetic rate (16.65%), stomatal conductance (37.50%), internal CO2 concentration (10%), number of pods per plant (15%), mass of 100 grains (4.04%) and grain yield (14.83%). However, no differences were observed in soybean plants grown in succession to the mix of cover crops, except for the number of grains per pod. Therefore, in this study, the highlight was the consortium of multifunctional microorganisms, technology considered strategic for the sustainable intensification of agriculture.
Glycine max. Rhizobacteria. Productivity. Cover crops.
One COMPARISON OF THE ALCOHOL CONTENT OBTAINED IN THE FERMENTATION OF DWARF CAVENDISH BANANA AND ITS PEEL FOR THE PURPOSES OF BRANDY PRODUCTION
Brandy is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages in Brazil, being produced with sweet vegetables, cereals, sugar cane and fruits that have fermentable sugars. This drink is confused with cachaça, from which it is distinguished by the alcoholic degree and typically Brazilian productivity. Banana stands out in Brazil and in the world as the second fruit in productivity, behind only orange, being an accessible raw material for the production of brandy. This processing is advantageous due to the rapid ripening of this fruit, which can often make it impossible to sell in natura to the consumer. This study aimed to carry out the fermentation through the inoculation of the yeast Sacchamomyces cerevisae separately for pulp and skins of Dwarf Cavendish banana to verify the alcohol content produced. The banana pulp brandy reached an alcohol content of 39,5° GL, within the stipulated by the current legislation, the peel, however, did not allow adequate alcohol levels (7,5° GL). It is concluded that the pulp of Dwarf Cavendish banana is viable for the production of brandy.
Destilação; Musa spp.; Saccharomyces cerevisae;
PRODUCTION OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL UNIT IN SANTARÉM, PARÁ
Agroforestry systems (SAFs) can contribute to the recovery of degraded areas or to the restoration of fragmented landscapes, with emphasis on the diversification of species that can be produced simultaneously. The introduction of short-cycle crops in agroforestry systems, such as sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam), is an affordable income option, as it demands low production costs and has a relatively short cycle. Sweet potato is a vegetable belonging to the Convolvulaceae family and is indicated for hot climates. In this sense, the present work aimed to evaluate the production of sweet potato in different agroforestry arrangements. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Western Pará in Santarém, Pará. Sweet potato was introduced into agroforestry systems, with a completely randomized design and using three plots in each treatment (full sun, African mahogany and teak). The data showed that, under the conditions exposed by the research, sweet potato was not adapted to cultivation in shaded areas, presenting the highest production in full sun conditions, where the intercropping with forest species still does not generate shading for the cultivation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY QUALITY OF SEEDS OF WHEAT CULTIVARS SUBMITTED TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SEED TREATMENTS
The Brazilian triticulture is marked by the high occurrence of seed-borne diseases, capable of causing damage to grain production. The objective was to evaluate the influence of seed treatments on the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds of wheat cultivars. Seeds of three commercial wheat cultivars (TBIO Sossego, TBIO Sinuelo and TBIO Toruk) and four seed treatments (Control, Chemical, Biological, and Chemical + Biological) were used. The physiological quality of the seeds was determined based on the first count germination tests, germination, quantification number of abnormal seedlings, length of aerial part and radicle, dry mass of the whole seedling, and emergence velocity index (EVI). The sanitary quality was determined through the Blotter test. In general, the chemical treatment associated with the seeds of the TBIO Toruk cultivar provided better physiological and sanitary quality indexes.
Long term classical methods for the preservation of xanthan gum-producing - Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni strains
The maintenance of viable and stable Xanthomonas cells is crucial for the xanthan reliable research and industrial production. The method, storage and recovery conditions should preserve both viability and phenotypical and genotypical features. Here, the effectiveness classical methods on the long-term preservation of different Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni strains was to determine. Strains were preserved by monthly sub-culturing in solid medium and lyophilization. After 12 years the viability of the strains, was assessed, as well as their productive capacity and the viscosity of the xanthan gum produced by these strains kept by lyophilization and sub-culturing. Among the lyophilized strains, only those stored at -18°C were viable after 12 years. The productive capacity of the strains were poorly affected by lyophilization, the passage of the cultures into a solid nutrition medium being sufficient for them to return to their normal metabolism. The viscosity of the synthesized xanthan gum was method-dependent and higher for the lyophilized strains. The work and its findings are new and original because a work on this topic has never been published before. The results obtained allow the breaking of paradigms regarding the preservation of Xanthomonas.
Phyllochron estimates on agronomic potential and physiological quality of millet
Millet is largely explored for a diversity of applications. The use of millet high-quality seeds is essential to increase grain yield. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield variability of millet plants from higher and lower-quality seeds in the expression of dry matter yield parameters. The study was conducted in the experimental and didactic area of IFRS - campus Ibirubá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a completely randomized design. The treatments were plants from seeds of higher (HQS) and lower (LQS) quality and two season crops (2015/16 and 2017/18) in eight replications. The emergence speed was applied to identify plants from seeds of different qualities. The phyllochron, leaf number, height, stem diameter, number of nodes, and dry mass yield were the agronomic components evaluated for this study. Meteorological information was used to calculate phyllochron, water deficit, and average temperature. The collected data were submitted for analysis of variance and the Tukey test at a 5% probability of error. The HQS expressed lower phyllochron and most significant agronomic components. Furthermore, the 2015/16 crop had the lowest water deficit and obtained the best results.
Determination of the viability of Azospirillum syrups, multiplied in different culture media
The use of products of microbial origin, bacteria, for agriculture has grown exponentially in the world, and in Brazil this growth is significant. In recent years, several companies have settled in the country and started to develop different products in this segment. The producer has the possibility of multiplying bacteria on the farms themselves in a process called “on Farm”, a homemade way of multiplying bacteria. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the mixtures produced through the “on Farm” method of multiplication of microorganisms from inoculants based on Azospirillum with different culture media. For this, three culture media were used: commercial product Multibacter®, yeast syrup plus sugar and yeast syrup, which were subsequently quantified. The syrups were produced in the on Farm system, the sterilization of the place of packaging and allocation of the bioreactors was carried out, the samples of the syrups were diluted for incubation and the preparation of the TSA also took place. It was possible to conclude that the non-sterile culture media do not present satisfactory results for the multiplication of on Farm microorganisms with Azospirillum syrups. Colony forming units are not parameters to indicate viability for non-sterile culture media.
bioinputs; Contamination; biological control;
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF SOIL AND WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF COVERING PLANTS AND MECHANICAL CHISELING
Soil compaction is a main physical problem in many growing areas. The use of ground cover crops for soil decompaction has been a subject of many studies. That has promising results both used alone and in association with mechanical chiseling. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of cover crops associated or not with mechanical chiseling, for that, on the physical attributes of the soil, and the wheat grain yield, in an Ultisol from the Central Depression of RS. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with 3 replications in each block, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme. Where the factor A: soil chiseling - chiseled and non-chiseled, and P fator: cover crops – pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima). The chiseling was adjusted to a depth of 30 cm, with 5 rods spaced 30 cm apart. The determinations carried out were: macroporosity, microporosity, total soil porosity, soil density (Ds), penetration resistance (RP), and grain yield. The physical attributes of the soil showed improvements in the second year evaluated, highlighting the treatments with pearl millet and velvet bean that showed higher differences. The maximum RP of the Soil was observed at a depth of 0.25m with 1.64 Mpa. There was a significant difference in the RP of the soil between the treatments of factor A at depths of 0.15 - 0.20 and 0.25. Mechanical chiseling provided a 15% increase in wheat grain yield compared to non-chiseling treatment, while P factor treatments did not provide any gain.
Nitrogen Fertilization at sowing in different soybean cultivars
Although several studies have already been carried out on biological nitrogen fixation, there are still recurrent questions, especially among soybean farmers, about the need for nitrogen at sowing, in early soybean cultivars, in crops with high yield. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on different soybean cultivars, with different cycles. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Recanto, in the municipality of Carmo do Rio Claro, MG, in two harvests (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). It was carried out in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed in the 2016/17 harvest by three soybean cultivars (M6410 IPRO, NS7300 IPRO and TEC7849 IPRO), and in the 2017/18 harvest by four cultivars (M5917IPRO, M6410IPRO, AS3680IPRO, NS7670RR), while the subplots consisted of four doses of nitrogen at sowing (0, 10, 20, 40 kg ha-1). Grain yield, number of nodules per plant, mass of dry nodules per plant, number of grains and pods per plant, plant height and insertion of the first legume were evaluated. Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The doses of nitrogen at sowing did not influence yield and agronomic characters of cultivars evaluated in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crops. Increasing doses of nitrogen inhibited soybean nodulation.
Physiological quality of rice seeds as a function of different doses of the insecticide cyantraniliprole
The seed is one of the main agricultural inputs and its quality is one of the key factors for success in rice cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of rice seeds with different doses of the insecticide cyantraniliprole and its performance during storage of rice seeds. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI treated at doses 0 (control), 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mL of the product for each 100 kg of seeds were used. Evaluations were performed during storage periods 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after treatment. Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence. Under the conditions in which the work was carried out, we can conclude that: cyantraniliprole at doses of 60, 80 and 100 ml/100 kg of seeds provides greater germination when the seeds are not stored, however the dose of 60 mL/100 kg showed higher percentages of germination in other storage periods. For the cold test, cyantraniliprole in all doses was superior to the control without treatment and in the doses 60 mL/100kg of seeds it was superior in the storage times 0, 135 and 180 days, already in the storage periods 60 and 90 days the dose of 60 mL/100kg did not differ from the dose of 80 mL/100 kg. For the emergence of seedlings, the treatment with the insecticide at a dose of 60 mL/100kg of seeds was superior to the others, except for the storage period of 135 days.
Oryza sativa, chemical control, cyantraniliprole
Effect of the combination of insecticide and biostimulant on the physiological quality of rice seeds submitted to storage
The seed is a vehicle for high productivity crops, as it carries the genetic potential and technology necessary for the success of a crop. For this reason, it is considered the main input in the implementation of a crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with Cruiser Opti insecticide associated with the biostimulant EpívioTM at different dosages and during 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after seed treatment. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI were used. The treatments were: Control: Permit + Standk + Gaucho, T2- Cruiser Opti (0.5 L/100 Kg of seeds), T3 - EpivioTM (0.1 L/100 Kg of seeds), T4 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.05 L/100 kg of seeds), T5 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.1 L/100 kg of seeds) and T6 – (0.5 + 0.2 L/100 kg of seeds). Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence in trays. Under the conditions in which the work was carried out, we can conclude that the treatment composed of Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM, at a dose of 0.5 + 0.1 L/100Kg of seeds, respectively, provided better performance in the germination test in the evaluated periods when compared to the other treatments.
Orysa sativa; Seed treatment; Dosages; Germination; Force.
Production of Dinizia excelsa Ducke (Fabaceae) seedlings subjected to increasing controlled-release fertilizer doses
Dinizia excelsa is one of the largest tree species grown in the Amazon rainforest, besides having great economic potential to help recovering degraded areas. This species plays key role in forest biomass diversity and increase processes. Studies in the literature that have focused on investigating the seminal production of seedlings belonging to this species remain scarce. The aim of the current study is to assess the production and quality of D. excelsa seedlings in response to the application of controlled-release fertilizer doses. The study has followed a completely randomized experimental design, based on the application of different Osmocote® doses (T1=0; T2=4.1; T3= 8.2 and T4=12.3 g.dm-³), with four repetitions - vermiculite and coconut fiber (1:1 v/v) were used as substrate. The following parameters were assessed: number of leaves, number of leaflets, shoot and root length, thickness of stem, plant height, shoot length:thickness of stem, leaf area, as well as shoot (SDW), root (RDW) and total (TDW) dry weight. Data were subjected to variance and regression analysis. Seedlings have positively responded to the use of Osmocote® fertilizer. Biomass accumulation recorded the best results from the 4.1 g.dm-³ dose onwards. Thus, it can be recommended to help reducing costs associated with the seminal production of seedlings belonging to the investigated species.
IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE SUPPLY AND PRICES OF LETTUCE, POTATO AND TOMATO IN MINAS GERAIS
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the dynamics of the production, commercialization and consumption of vegetables. Lettuce, potato and tomato, an herbaceous vegetable, a tuberous vegetable and a fruit vegetable, respectively, are among the group of vegetables purchased most frequently. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the pandemic affected the price and supply of lettuce, potato and tomato in 2020 compared to previous years based on data from CEASA-MG from 2016 to 2021. The supply of lettuce was constant in 2020 but lower than the previous year until the month of August, and in December, the price was equal to that of the previous year. The supply of potato was lower throughout 2020 than in previous years. The price of potato was lower in 2020 than the price charged in 2019, until October 2020. The supply of tomato was low throughout 2020. Additionally, with respect to price, there was a decrease from March to July 2020 and a subsequent increase, surpassing the prices of previous years starting in October. In conclusion, both the supply and price of these vegetables were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF ORANGE FLUSHED SWEET POTATO IN COMMERCIAL CROPPING
The orange-fleshed sweet potato has interesting nutritional characteristics, as it has a high concentration of beta-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem and can be avoided by adequate intake of foods rich in beta-carotene, like the orange-fleshed sweet potato. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of orange-fleshed sweet potato experimental genotypes under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Western São Paulo. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Alvares Machado-SP in a sweet potato production area on a commercial scale. Planting was carried out in October 2021 using a randomized block design with four replications. Five experimental genotypes of orange-fleshed sweet potato developed by CEOFOP were evaluated, namely: F-09, F-34, U2-05, U2-19 and C-14. The cultivar Beauregard was adopted as control. At 139 days after planting, the tuberous roots were harvested and the following evaluations were carried out: total tuberous root production in Kg ha-1; number of commercial tuberous roots in roots ha-1, production of commercial tuberous roots in Kg ha-1; average mass of commercial tuberous roots in g; dry mass percentage of commercial tuberous roots; length of roots in cm, diameter of roots in cm and soluble solids, in °Brix, appearance of roots using a scale of grades, and resistance to damage caused by insect pests. The yield of the evaluated genotypes was: F-09: 59,10 t ha-1, F-34: 105,96 ha-1, U2-05: 66,30 ha-1, U2-19: 66,02 ha-1, C-14: 87,54 ha-1, and Beauregard: 46,35 ha-1. The experimental genotypes present tuberous root quality similar to the commercial control 'Beauregard'. Genotypes F-34 and C-14 have flesh color similar to 'Beauregard', and genotype F-09 has dark orange flesh, a class above the control. All evaluated genotypes can potentially contribute to the increase in yield in Western São Paulo.
Setting up the maize seed germination test
In the corn crop, some challenges interfere with achieving high productivity. Technologies and research contribute to efficient solutions, among them seed technology, a fundamental element for the good development of production. The adoption and diffusion of technologies and agricultural practices significantly affect productivity gains. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of germination test installation in corn using the vacuum system and the manual system. The experiment was conducted in a Quality Control Laboratory in Uberlândia – MG, Brazil. It consisted of two stages. First, a vacuum system built especially for this purpose was used to install the test. A manual system was used in the second installation, using acrylic seed counters. The hypothesis presented was that the vacuum system is more efficient in test installation capacity since equipment makes the procedure faster. However, flaws related to the vacuum instrument were found, requiring adjustments or technological improvements. The results showed that the vacuum system reduced the capacity to install the germination test for corn seeds by 60% compared to the current manual installation system.
Sorghum, pigeonpea and Marandu grass intercropping: more silage and greater quality
Lack of forage in the winter dry season is a concern for cattle production in tropical Brazil. Pasture renovation with silage production might solve an immediate concern for forage production and help develop an improved pasture condition after cropping. The objective was to compare the production and quality of monocropped sorghum and sorghum intercropped with Marandu grass and/or pigeonpea in two row spacings. The experiment was carried out on a sandy Oxisol in São Paulo state in Brazil with an experimental design of a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with four replications. Treatments were: monocropped sorghum, sorghum intercropped with U. brizantha, sorghum intercropped with C. cajan (cv. BRS Mandarim), and sorghum intercropped with Urochloa+ pigeonpea with 0.45 and 0.90 m row spacings. Greatest forage production was with 0.45-m spacing for monocropped sorghum and dual-species intercropping. With 0.90-m spacing, greatest production was for Sorghum+Urochloa. Sorghum+Urochloa+Cajanus intercropping provided the highest concentrations of crude protein in silage, regardless of row spacing. An increase in ensiling time reduced quality of the silage due to a decline in crude protein and TDN and an increase in fibers. However, the reduced spacing between lines with the inclusion of legumes resulted in a greater amount of silage with a higher concentration of protein. Successful short-term production of high-quality silage could be obtained when sorghum is integrated with Cajanus, and impacts on pasture renovation continue to be evaluated.
PROFILE OF PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS OF PIG CAIPIRA IN THE REGION OF ALTO SÃO FRANCISCO - MG
Small rural properties are common in regions of the interior of the state of Minas Gerais, making the production of animals in a rustic system, such as the raising of swine in an extensive or semi-extensive system, expressive. The objective was to evaluate the profile of producers and consumers of free-range swine in the Alto São Francisco Region - MG. The research was carried out in the municipality of Bambuí - MG, located in the center-west of Minas Gerais. Participate in the survey 8 producers from the Bambuí region 20 Bambui residents informed at the free fair that they accept to participate in the. It was used with 21 questions. The analysis was carried out with the help of Excel® spreadsheets in Microsoft Office Excel 19. The results show the dissemination of products through marketing is the main factor that influences electronic data on the growth of the activity. The analysis of data obtained through the producers can affirm that dissemination and structuring of the swine sector are necessary. This procedure will enable better production and commercial rates in alternative systems. There are possibilities for trade in products from country systems to be marketed and to expand further. However, the lack of guidance from government agencies and specific information hinders this process of growth and structuring of the sector. They indicate that the pork purchased is acquired through the local fair, where the price and origin of the products are the most relevant factors at the time of purchase.
OPTIMAL PLOT SIZE IN FORAGE SORGHUM WITH COMPARISON OF THE METHODS OF MODIFIED MAXIMUM CURVATURE, LINEAR RESPONSE AND PLATEAU MODEL AND QUADRATIC RESPONSE AND PLATEAU MODEL
The objective of this work was to compare three methods of estimate the optimal plot size to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) sown in rows, evaluated in three cuts. Two uniformity trials (repetitions) were carried out. In each trial, three plant cuts were performed, totaling six uniformity trials (2 trials per cut × 3 cuts). The first cut was performed at 41 days after sowing (DAS), the second at 82 DAS and the third at 133 DAS. Fresh matter productivity was evaluated in 216 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1 m × 1 m (36 BEU per trial). The BEU was formed by two rows of 1.0 m in length, spaced 0.50 m between rows, totaling 1.0 m2. The optimal plot size was determined using the modified maximum curvature methods, the model linear response with plateau and the model quadratic response with plateau. The optimal plot size differs between the methods and decreases in the following order: model quadratic response with plateau (9.10 m2), model linear response with plateau (7.16 m2) and modified maximum curvature (4.13 m2). The optimal plot size to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of forage sorghum, sown in rows, evaluated in three cuts, is 7.16 m2 and the experimental precision stabilizes from this size on.
Copyright (c) 2022 Colloquium Agrariae. ISSN: 1809-8215 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
QUALITY OF A COHESIVE SOIL UNDER CONSERVATION PRACTICES: A GEOSTATISTIC APPROACH
The knowledge and characterization of aggregate stability are relevant to select adequate management and to avoid its degradation. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the spatial variability of aggregate stability in cohesive soils under crop conservation systems. The experiment was performedin two different areas of soybean production: no-tillage System (NTS) and livestock farming integration system (LFI), In each production area, a sampling mesh composed of 50 collection points, with a regular spacing of 40 m, at 0.00-0.20 m depth, was carried out. The results were expressed as a percentage of aggregates retained in sieves 2; 1; 0.5 and 0.25 mm, the values obtained were used to calculate the Mean Geometric Diameter (MGD) and Mean Weight Diameter (MWD). In the LFI system, which had a strong degree of spatial dependence (DSD), the attributes showed a moderate DSD, except for MWD. Generally, the reached values of the attributes in the LFI system were lower than those found in the NTS system, showing less variability in the management system with no-tillage. Spatial distribution of the kriging maps demonstrated the LFI system leading to the formation of larger aggregates in the soil when compared to ones to the same attributes in the NTS. All attributes showed a strong to moderate spatial dependence. The soil managed with the LFI system revealed greater aggregate stability when compared to the NTS, which in turn presented less spatial variability than the LFI system and shows a more homogeneous soil.
Evidence of post-formed structures during systemic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens infection in resistant Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes
Abstract Bacterial wilt of the common bean caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens results in economic losses. The aim of this study was to analyze the colonization of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible genotypes of common bean plants. The genotypes Ouro Branco and IPA 9 (resistant), Diacol Calima (moderately resistant), and CNFRS 11997 and CNFP 10429 (susceptible) were inoculated in the epicotyl, with 100 µL of bacterial suspension of the BRM 14933(Cff25). Disease severity was evaluated 21 days after inoculation (DAI), on a scale from 1 to 9. The samples for SEM were dehydrated in an ethyl alcohol series, critical-point dried with liquid carbon dioxide (CO2), and coated with gold and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Ouro Branco and IPA 9 (resistant) plants exhibited low colonization, the formation of filaments surrounding bacterial cells and vestures more developed in the pit the xylem vessels. Diacol Calima (moderately resistant) plants presented lower levels of colonization and filament formation than that of resistant cultivars. CNFC 10429 and CNFRS 11997 (susceptible) showed high levels of colonization in the xylem and vessel obstruction, preventing water and nutrient flow, which explains the symptoms of wilt and plant death. Thus, resistance to C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens can be explained by plant’s capacity to limit pathogen propagation as a cell defense mechanism, suggesting that this is a factor in post-formed structural resistance that occurs in this pathosystem. Keywords: susceptibility; bacterial wilt; plant-pathogen interaction.
O Manejo de Nutrientes 4C é um conceito que visa otimizar a fertilização de culturas agrícolas, englobando aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Este conceito envolve 4 princípios científicos (a fonte certa de fertilizante, a dose certa, a época certa e o local certo) que devem ser definidos levando em conta condições e conhecimentos locais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as melhores práticas de fertilização para brócolis na região de Tatuí-SP, utilizando os princípios do manejo de nutrientes 4C. Foram instalados quatro experimentos, cada um referindo-se a um princípio 4C, comparando a fertilização padrão aplicada na região com diferentes opções de manejo. A dose certa foi a sugerida pelos boletins de fertilização. Um aumento ou diminuição de 25% na dose causou uma redução na produtividade dos brócolis. A fonte que promoveu o maior crescimento foi a mineral, seguida por uma combinação de mineral e orgânico. Em relação à época, a prática padrão aplicada na região, que é aplicar 100% de N e K no plantio, não diferiu da divisão da dose em 3 parcelas. Por fim, a aplicação do fertilizante na linha de plantio promoveu melhor crescimento do que a aplicação na superfície do solo. A fertilização padrão praticada na região promoveu o maior crescimento. Porém, existem outras possibilidades em termos de época e local que também resultaram em maior crescimento, e a decisão deve ser tomada de acordo com a realidade de cada agricultor.
Phyllochron variability and cutting management practices on the agronomic potential of sorghum
The phyllochron is an indispensable parameter associated with the potential production of sorghum. Accordingly, management practices applied directly in the sorghum crop, such as the cutting technique, provide the ability of plants to regrowth and reestablish the performance of vegetative and reproductive development of plants based on the stimulation of growth in the photosynthetically active area. Appropriately, the aim of this study was to evaluate the alterations in phyllochron and leaf emission rates expressed by the implementation of cutting management practices in sorghum plants from high and low-quality seeds. The study was performed in the experimental and didactic area of ​​the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS) – Ibirubá campus, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments were plants from higher (HQS) and lower (LQS) quality seeds and two-season crops (2015/16 and 2016/17) with eight replications. The mean phyllochron (°C day leaf-1), height (cm), main stem diameter (cm), number of nodes, dry mass (kg ha-1), and number of tillers were evaluated as a strategy to verify the performance of each treatment. Furthermore, meteorological data obtained from an automatic station was required to calculate phyllochron and evapotranspiration (ETc). Finally, this study indicated that the diameter of the stem and tillers is directly associated with the accumulation of a dry mass of the crop, based on the results of biomass productivity. Moreover, it was demonstrated that forage sorghum plants derived from HQS indicated a higher capacity to accumulate photoassimilates, stimulating the production of dry mass.
Insumos biológicos, mais economia e maior sustentabilidade
Organic production is a global system for the management of agricultural holdings and the production of foodstuffs that combines the best environmental practices, a high level of biodiversity, the preservation of natural resources, the application of demanding standards in terms of well-being of animals and production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products obtained using natural substances and processes. Biological inputs are a reality in the field that yield billions of reais in savings, due to the use of biological control and biological nitrogen fixation. The search for sustainable technologies to control pests and diseases, to make plants grow and to fertilize the soil is increasingly growing in the productive sector.
Biological fixation; Profitability; Azospirillum; Organic farming.
Overcoming dormancy in citrus rootstock seeds
Citrus is a fruit of great importance in Brazil, mainly in the socio-economic issue as it generates employment and income due to the production and export of concentrated orange juice, as well as other products. In view of the above, this work aimed to evaluate the dormancy overcoming of citrus seeds of the cultivars: Flying Dragon, San Diego, Índio, Cravo Santa Cruz, Riverside, BRS Sunki Tropical, Volkamerian, as well as the species Poncirus trifoliata. The seeds from Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) Clima Temperado, located in Pelotas-RS, as well as from Embrapa Cassava e Fruticultura, located in Cruz das Almas-BA, were submitted to the germination test as written in the Seed Analysis Rules and a germination test in which a small cut was made in the seed coat on the side of the embryo, around 0.1 mm with the help of a stylet, which was used 200 seeds (4 samples of 50 seeds per repetition) on germitest® paper, moistened with distilled water in an amount equivalent to 2.5 times its weight and kept inside a germinator at a constant temperature of 25°C, photoperiod of 12 hours. The evaluations were carried out at the end of the 21 days after the installation of the test, providing data that were expressed in percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings and non-germinated seeds (hard, dormant or dead). of citrus seedlings at the end of the tests and the data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at a 5% significance level (p≤0.05), with the aid of the R- bio. It is concluded that, when evaluating germination and shoot and root length of seedlings cultivars Flying Dragon, Índio, Cravo Santa Cruz, BRS Sunki Tropical, Riverside and Volkameriano, San Diego and the species Poncirus trifoliata, were satisfactory when submitted in the dormancy breaking process, but further studies are needed.
Citros; Agricultura; Produção; Comercialização.